![]() ![]() Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 36–50Ĭhao A, Lee SM (1992) Estimating the number of classes via sample coverage. In: Hanski I, Cambefort Y (eds) Dung beetle ecology. Japanese Ministry of Environment, Tokyo (in Japanese)Ĭambefort Y, Hanski I (1991) Dung beetles population biology. J Mammal 74:1416–1431īiodiversity Center of Japan (2004) The National survey on the natural environment report of the distributional survey of Japanese animals (mammals). Ecol Res 22:390–402Īmerican Society of Mammalogists (1998) Guidelines for the capture, handling, and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists. Our findings were: (1) 14 dung beetle species comprising eight dwellers and six tunnelers utilized monkey feces (2) Aphodius eccoptus was the core species in dung beetle assemblages attracted to the feces during spring and summer (3) the frequency of occurrence of every species was extremely high in spring and (4) human-induced forest disturbance did not increase species richness or biomass in cool-temperate forests.Īgetsuma N (2007) Ecological function losses caused by monotonous land use induce crop raiding by wildlife on the island of Yakushima, southern Japan. Moreover, to assess the effect of human-induced forest disturbance on species assemblages in this cool-temperate area, we also carried out field sampling using pitfall traps baited with monkey feces in primary forests, secondary forests, and coniferous plantations, during every season except winter. In this study we recorded and evaluated the community structure of dung beetle species utilizing feces of Japanese monkeys ( Macaca fuscata) by conducting a macro-scale inventory survey in the northeastern Shirakami Mountains, located in the northernmost part of mainland Japan. Prolonged cool rain during emergence also helps control numbers.Ecological investigation of the distribution and composition of dung beetle species utilizing feces of wild mammals has rarely been attempted, especially in cool-temperate forests. Check the traps frequently and count needle midges to get an idea of population numbers. Place the traps with the jar side facing between rows so it gets as much light as possible. Placing five emergence traps per field of trees is good for monitoring a growing area. The degree-day models can help determine when to place traps. The needle midge is one of the few pests for which there are degree-day models to track emergence, which can vary by 4 to 5 weeks from year to year (Appendix E). Needle midges seem to prefer the “shady side” of trees, where there may be some vegetation however, in a fully stocked field, this could be anywhere. Pay particular attention to Douglas-fir fields that had Douglas-fir needle midge problems the previous year and to edge rows close to native Douglas-fir timber. See the section on Douglas-fir needle midge for suggestions on the design and timing of traps. The jar will contain other flying and crawling insects, so use a hand lens to help with identification. Place a moist towel inside the jar to catch the adult midges. As adults emerge from the soil, they fly towards the light (jar) to escape. Needle midge traps consist of a box with a jar inserted into the top edge of one side. (Photo by Jack DeAngelis, Living with Bugs.) Ground nests can pose hazards to shearing crews and visitors, so control is also beneficial for safety. Direct spraying of ground nests is allowed traps may be useful in finding these ground nests. There are currently no registered insecticides that may be used as toxic bait to eliminate the nest. Since the queen does not move outside the nest after this early period, later trapping only affects the worker population. Thus, early lure placement and trapping should help control some colony formation. The queen is the key to controlling population growth, and she only flies in March. Placing roughly 5 traps per 10 acres of field is sufficient for monitoring. Yellowjackets are the only Christmas tree “pest” for which there are specific chemical lures for attraction. They are useful for monitoring worker activity but not for control. These traps are less successful with German yellowjackets. Yellowjacket attractant traps include chemical lures, colors, and trap designs to attract western yellowjackets. (Photo courtesy of Oregon Department of Agriculture.) ![]()
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